Wind Load On Bridges (Eurocode 1 part 1-4)
This article presents a detailed overview on wind load on bridges to EN 1991-1-4-2005 and UK Annex to EN 1991-1-4-2005 + A1:2010. This article shall build on a...
Thermal actions on Bridge Decks (EN 1991-1-5)
Thermal actions or actions due to temperature are indirect actions due to movement of structures in response to temperature changes within specific time interval. Structures react to temperature...
Traffic Loads on Road Bridges (EN 1991-2)
Traffic loading is a critical factor in the design and assessment of road bridges, directly influencing structural safety, durability, and serviceability. The European standard EN 1991-2 provides a...
Shrinkage and its Effects in Concrete Structures
Shrinkage is the reduction in the volume of concrete, which may result from factors such as water absorption in the plastic state, evaporation of moisture, and heat dissipation...
Design of One-way Post-tensioned slab – Worked Example
This article presents a detailed example of designing a one-way post-tensioned car parking structure. It addresses key considerations such as durability and cover requirements, gravity load calculations, prestress...
Durability of Concrete Structures
Durability is the ability of structures to meet the requirement of serviceability, strength and stability without excessive maintenance throughout its working life. The level of maintenance should not...
Creep Deformation in Concrete Structures
When a load is applied to a steel member it deforms gradually. The deformation increases proportionately to the increment in the applied load. If the load is not...
Design of Post-tensioned (PT) Slabs – an overview
Post tension concrete slabs are a type of prestressed concrete structure, wherein high-strength steel cables or wires are used to apply compressive force to concrete slabs before its...
Design of Structural Steel Angles
The design of structural steel angles differs from other sections due to the peculiarity of angle sections – their cross-section axes (x-x and y-y axes) differ from their...
Application of Load Combinations for Buildings (EN 1990)
This article presents guidance on the application of combination of actions for buildings according to EN 1990 and UK National Annex to EN 1990. In this article, the...
Load Balancing Method for Post – tensioned Concrete Design
Load balancing is the concept of counteracting a portion or all of the external loads on a concrete member by placing the prestressed tendon along a determined curvature...
Design of Steel Angles under Axial Tension and Compression – Worked Example
This article provides a detailed worked example of designing angle steel sections subjected to pure tension and compression in accordance with Eurocode 3. These steel sections serve as...
Design of Trusses
Trusses are structures that comprises of members that are joined together such that they resist external loads in axial tension and compression. They generally consist of top...
Basis of Actions and Load Combinations (EN 1990)
This article presents a guide to understanding actions and combinations of actions (Load combinations) as modelled in EN 1990 applicable to verifying limit states for relevant design...
Second-order Effects in RC Building Frames (Eurocode 2)
Structural engineers analyze all types of structures to determine their displacements and internal forces under various load conditions. They choose between linear and non-linear analysis based on the...
Design of Combined Footing
This article provides an overview of the design of combined footing. At the end of the article, a practical worked example is presented on the design of combined...
Design of Pile cap using Bending theory – Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on the design of a pile cap using bending theory. The pile cap shall be proportioned, designed for bending, vertical shear, as...
Design of Un-restrained Steel Beam (I-Section) – Worked Example
This article presents a practical worked example on the design of unrestrained steel beam (I-section) to Eurocode 3 The beam to be designed has been analysed using Etabs...
Design of Steel Column (H-Section) to Eurocode 3 – Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on the design of steel column (H-section) subjected to combined Biaxial Bending and axial compression to Eurocode 3 The column to be...
Analysis of RC Building Frames allowing for Imperfections (Eurocode 2)
This article presents guidance on how to allow for imperfections in analysis of RC frames according to EN 1992-1-1 (Eurocode 2). Structural frames in reality are always marred...
Second-order Effects in Steel Building Frames (Eurocode 3)
Structural engineers analyze all types of structures to determine their displacements and internal forces under various load conditions. They choose between linear and non-linear analysis based on the...
Analysis of Steel Frames allowing for Imperfections (Eurocode 3)
This article presents guidance on how to allow for imperfections in analysis of steel frame according to EN 1993-1-1 (Eurocode 3). At the end of this article, a...
Design of Steel Columns to Eurocode 3 – an overview
This article presents an overview on the design of column to EN 1993-1-1:2005. However, since there are not much details in Eurocode 3 for columns in simple frames,...
Design of Axially Loaded Steel Members to Eurocode 3 – an overview
Axially loaded steel members are subjected to external loads along the longitudinal axis of the member. These loads either induces pure tension or compression in these members, as...
Design of PSC Beam for Shear Strength – Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on evaluating the shear strength of a prestressed concrete (PSC) beam using EN 1992-1-1-2004. The beam shown below is an I beam...
Lateral Torsional Buckling of Steel Beams
This article presents an overview on the design of structural steel beams for lateral torsional buckling to EN 1993-1-1-2005, and the UK National Annex to EN 1993-1-1-2005. For...
Design of Steel Beam to Eurocode 3 – an overview
This article presents an overview on the design of Structural Steel sections in bending to EN 1993 -1-1:2005 (Eurocode 3) and the UK National Annex to EN 1993...
Classification of Structural Steel Cross-Sections (Eurocode 3)
This article presents an overview on classification of steel cross-sections according to EN 1993-1-1:2005. At the end of the article there is a worked example on classification of...
Pile Cap Design using Strut-and-tie Method – Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on the design of a pile cap to EN 1992-1-1-2004 (Eurocode 2). The pile cap to be designed is to transmit column...
