Thermal actions on Bridge Decks (EN 1991-1-5)
Thermal actions or actions due to temperature are indirect actions due to movement of structures in response to temperature changes within specific time interval. Structures react to temperature...
Author: Amuletola Rasheed
You can reach Amuletola Rasheed via amuletola@fppengineering.com
Traffic Loads on Road Bridges (EN 1991-2)
Traffic loading is a critical factor in the design and assessment of road bridges, directly influencing structural safety, durability, and serviceability. The European standard EN 1991-2 provides a...
Shrinkage and its Effects in Concrete Structures
Shrinkage is the reduction in the volume of concrete, which may result from factors such as water absorption in the plastic state, evaporation of moisture, and heat dissipation...
Design of One-way Post-tensioned slab โ Worked Example
This article presents a detailed example of designing a one-way post-tensioned car parking structure. It addresses key considerations such as durability and cover requirements, gravity load calculations, prestress...
Durability of Concrete Structures
Durability is the ability of structures to meet the requirement of serviceability, strength and stability without excessive maintenance throughout its working life. The level of maintenance should not...
Creep Deformation in Concrete Structures
When a load is applied to a steel member it deforms gradually. The deformation increases proportionately to the increment in the applied load. If the load is not...
Design of Post-tensioned (PT) Slabs โ an overview
Post tension concrete slabs are a type of prestressed concrete structure, wherein high-strength steel cables or wires are used to apply compressive force to concrete slabs before its...
Design of Structural Steel Angles
The design of structural steel angles differs from other sections due to the peculiarity of angle sections โ their cross-section axes (x-x and y-y axes) differ from their...
Application of Load Combinations for Buildings (EN 1990)
This article presents guidance on the application of combination of actions for buildings according to EN 1990 and UK National Annex to EN 1990. In this article, the...
Load Balancing Method for Post โ tensioned Concrete Design
Load balancing is the concept of counteracting a portion or all of the external loads on a concrete member by placing the prestressed tendon along a determined curvature...
Design of Steel Angles under Axial Tension and Compression โ Worked Example
This article provides a detailed worked example of designing angle steel sections subjected to pure tension and compression in accordance with Eurocode 3. These steel sections serve as...
Design of Trusses
Trusses are structures that comprises of members that are joined together such that they resist external loads in axial tension and compression. They generally consist of top...
Basis of Actions and Load Combinations (EN 1990)
This article presents a guide to understanding actions and combinations of actions (Load combinations) as modelled in EN 1990 applicable to verifying limit states for relevant design...
Second-order Effects in RC Building Frames (Eurocode 2)
Structural engineers analyze all types of structures to determine their displacements and internal forces under various load conditions. They choose between linear and non-linear analysis based on the...
Design of Combined Footing
This article provides an overview of the design of combined footing. At the end of the article, a practical worked example is presented on the design of combined...
Design of Pile cap using Bending theory โ Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on the design of a pile cap using bending theory. The pile cap shall be proportioned, designed for bending, vertical shear, as...
Design of Un-restrained Steel Beam (I-Section) โ Worked Example
This article presents a practical worked example on the design of unrestrained steel beam (I-section) to Eurocode 3 The beam to be designed has been analysed using Etabs...
Design of Steel Column (H-Section) to Eurocode 3 โ Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on the design of steel column (H-section) subjected to combined Biaxial Bending and axial compression to Eurocode 3 The column to be...
Analysis of RC Building Frames allowing for Imperfections (Eurocode 2)
This article presents guidance on how to allow for imperfections in analysis of RC frames according to EN 1992-1-1 (Eurocode 2). Structural frames in reality are always marred...
Second-order Effects in Steel Building Frames (Eurocode 3)
Structural engineers analyze all types of structures to determine their displacements and internal forces under various load conditions. They choose between linear and non-linear analysis based on the...
Analysis of Steel Frames allowing for Imperfections (Eurocode 3)
This article presents guidance on how to allow for imperfections in analysis of steel frame according to EN 1993-1-1 (Eurocode 3). At the end of this article, a...
Design of Steel Columns to Eurocode 3 – an overview
This article presents an overview on the design of column to EN 1993-1-1:2005. However, since there are not much details in Eurocode 3 for columns in simple frames,...
Design of Axially Loaded Steel Members to Eurocode 3 โ an overview
Axially loaded steel members are subjected to external loads along the longitudinal axis of the member. These loads either induces pure tension or compression in these members, as...
Design of PSC Beam for Shear Strength โ Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on evaluating the shear strength of a prestressed concrete (PSC) beam using EN 1992-1-1-2004. The beam shown below is an I beam...
Lateral Torsional Buckling of Steel Beams
This article presents an overview on the design of structural steel beams for lateral torsional buckling to EN 1993-1-1-2005, and the UK National Annex to EN 1993-1-1-2005. For...
Design of Steel Beam to Eurocode 3 โ an overview
This article presents an overview on the design of Structural Steel sections in bending to EN 1993 -1-1:2005 (Eurocode 3) and the UK National Annex to EN 1993...
Classification of Structural Steel Cross-Sections (Eurocode 3)
This article presents an overview on classification of steel cross-sections according to EN 1993-1-1:2005. At the end of the article there is a worked example on classification of...
Pile Cap Design using Strut-and-tie Method โ Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on the design of a pile cap to EN 1992-1-1-2004 (Eurocode 2). The pile cap to be designed is to transmit column...
Design of Pile Caps – An Overview
This article presents an overview on the design of pile caps to EN 1992-1-1-2004 (Eurocode 2). Where there are not much details given in Eurocode 2, the superseded...
Design of Planar Shear Walls – Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on the design of shear wall to EN 1992-1-1-2004 (Eurocode 2). The shear walls to be designed form the major stabilizing system...
Design of shear walls – an overview
Shear walls are plain or reinforced concrete walls that augment structural stiffness and provide lateral stability to building structures. According to clause 9.6.1 of Eurocode 2, a shear...
Wind Load on building โ Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on wind load on a building of 10 storeys to EN 1991-1-4-2005 + A1: 2010, and the UK National Annex to the...
Wind Load on buildings (Eurocode 1 part 1-4)
This article presents an overview on application of wind load on building structures according to EN 1991-1-4-2005 + A1:2010 and the UK National Annex to EN 1991-1-4-2005 +...
Wind Actions on Structures (Eurocode 1 part 1-4)
This article presents a comprehensive overview on wind action on structures to EN 1991-1-4-2005 + A1:2010, and the UK National Annex to EN 1991-1-4-2005 + A1: 2010. In...
Design of Prestressed Concrete Beam for Flexural Capacity – Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on evaluating the bending capacity of a prestressed concrete beam. After verifying the stresses within a prestressed beam is within limit, it...
Design of Eccentrically Loaded Pad Foundation – Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on the structural design of pad foundation subjected to axial load and moment to EN 1992 -1-1-2004. The geotechnical aspects of the...
Design of Axially loaded Pad Foundation โ Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on the structural design of axially loaded pad foundation to EN 1992 -1-1-2004. The geotechnical aspects of the design shall be approached...
Structural Design of Pad Foundation – an overview
Pad foundations are square or rectangular slab that support load from single columns. They are often used when the bearing strata of the soil is close to the...
Comparative Analysis of flat Slab between MCM and EFM – Worked Example
This article presents a comparative analysis between analysis of flat slab using moment coefficients method (MCM) in table 3.12 of BS 8110 and equivalent frame method (EFM). Moment...
Design for punching Shear – Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on the design of punching shear for flat slabs to BS EN 1992-1-1-2004 (Eurocode 2). The flat slab to be designed for...
Design of Flat Slab – Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on the design of flat slab to EN 1992-1-1-2004. The plan of the flat slab to be designed is shown below. It...
Punching Shear Design to Eurocode 2 – an overview
Punching shear occurs as a result of concentrated load or reaction acting on localized area of a slab. This mostly occurs in slabs which are directly supporting columns...
Flat Slab Analysis using Equivalent Frame Method – Worked Example
This article presents a thorough worked example on the analysis of flat slab using equivalent frame method. At the end of the article, the analysis of the equivalent...
Design of Flat Slab โ an overview
This article presents guides to designing flat slabs to EN 1992-1-1-2004 as well as the superseded UK standard BS 8110-1-1997. Flat slabs are slabs that are directly supported...
Design of RC Flange beam to BS 8110 โ Worked Example
This article presents a work example on the design of flanged beam to BS 8110-1-1997. The Beam 2 (shown in the plan below) that shall be designed here...
Analysis of Continuous Beam for Span Moments โ Worked Example
This article presents a stepwise approach to determining the span moments of a three-span continuous beam, thereby generating its shear force and bending moment diagrams. And at the...
Design of continuous one-way spanning RC slab โ Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on the analysis and design of continuous one-way reinforced concrete slab. The bending moments and shear forces are obtained using tabular coefficients...
Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs
Slabs are horizontal elements that form the floor, foundation, and roof elements of different structures. They are distinctly categorized from other members base on their typical features of...
Constructing Magnel Diagram for prestressed Concrete beam โ Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on the construction of magnel diagram for the design of a prestressed beam section. The beam that shall be designed is the...
Magnel Diagram for Prestressed Concrete Design.
This article explains the importance and application of magnel diagram in prestressed concrete design. Why Magnel Diagram? In a previous article on verification of stress in beams published...