Shrinkage and its Effects in Concrete Structures
Shrinkage is the reduction in the volume of concrete, which may result from factors such as water absorption in the plastic state, evaporation of moisture, and heat dissipation...
Category: Reinforced Concrete Design
Durability of Concrete Structures
Durability is the ability of structures to meet the requirement of serviceability, strength and stability without excessive maintenance throughout its working life. The level of maintenance should not...
Creep Deformation in Concrete Structures
When a load is applied to a steel member it deforms gradually. The deformation increases proportionately to the increment in the applied load. If the load is not...
Second-order Effects in RC Building Frames (Eurocode 2)
Structural engineers analyze all types of structures to determine their displacements and internal forces under various load conditions. They choose between linear and non-linear analysis based on the...
Design of Combined Footing
This article provides an overview of the design of combined footing. At the end of the article, a practical worked example is presented on the design of combined...
Design of Pile cap using Bending theory – Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on the design of a pile cap using bending theory. The pile cap shall be proportioned, designed for bending, vertical shear, as...
Analysis of RC Building Frames allowing for Imperfections (Eurocode 2)
This article presents guidance on how to allow for imperfections in analysis of RC frames according to EN 1992-1-1 (Eurocode 2). Structural frames in reality are always marred...
Pile Cap Design using Strut-and-tie Method – Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on the design of a pile cap to EN 1992-1-1-2004 (Eurocode 2). The pile cap to be designed is to transmit column...
Design of Pile Caps – An Overview
This article presents an overview on the design of pile caps to EN 1992-1-1-2004 (Eurocode 2). Where there are not much details given in Eurocode 2, the superseded...
Design of Planar Shear Walls – Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on the design of shear wall to EN 1992-1-1-2004 (Eurocode 2). The shear walls to be designed form the major stabilizing system...
Design of shear walls – an overview
Shear walls are plain or reinforced concrete walls that augment structural stiffness and provide lateral stability to building structures. According to clause 9.6.1 of Eurocode 2, a shear...
Design of Eccentrically Loaded Pad Foundation – Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on the structural design of pad foundation subjected to axial load and moment to EN 1992 -1-1-2004. The geotechnical aspects of the...
Design of Axially loaded Pad Foundation – Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on the structural design of axially loaded pad foundation to EN 1992 -1-1-2004. The geotechnical aspects of the design shall be approached...
Comparative Analysis of flat Slab between MCM and EFM – Worked Example
This article presents a comparative analysis between analysis of flat slab using moment coefficients method (MCM) in table 3.12 of BS 8110 and equivalent frame method (EFM). Moment...
Design for punching Shear – Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on the design of punching shear for flat slabs to BS EN 1992-1-1-2004 (Eurocode 2). The flat slab to be designed for...
Design of Flat Slab – Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on the design of flat slab to EN 1992-1-1-2004. The plan of the flat slab to be designed is shown below. It...
Punching Shear Design to Eurocode 2 – an overview
Punching shear occurs as a result of concentrated load or reaction acting on localized area of a slab. This mostly occurs in slabs which are directly supporting columns...
Flat Slab Analysis using Equivalent Frame Method – Worked Example
This article presents a thorough worked example on the analysis of flat slab using equivalent frame method. At the end of the article, the analysis of the equivalent...
Design of Flat Slab – an overview
This article presents guides to designing flat slabs to EN 1992-1-1-2004 as well as the superseded UK standard BS 8110-1-1997. Flat slabs are slabs that are directly supported...
Design of RC Flange beam to BS 8110 – Worked Example
This article presents a work example on the design of flanged beam to BS 8110-1-1997. The Beam 2 (shown in the plan below) that shall be designed here...
Design of continuous one-way spanning RC slab – Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on the analysis and design of continuous one-way reinforced concrete slab. The bending moments and shear forces are obtained using tabular coefficients...
Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs
Slabs are horizontal elements that form the floor, foundation, and roof elements of different structures. They are distinctly categorized from other members base on their typical features of...
Structural Design of half-turn staircase to BS 8110 – Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on the design of half-turn staircase to BS 8110-1:1997 (Click here to study the design of the same staircase to Eurocode 2)....
Design of Half-turn Staircase to Eurocode 2 – Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on the design of half-turn staircase to Eurocode 2. The staircase to be designed connects the ground floor and the first floor...
Structural Design of Staircase – an overview
A staircase is a structural element that provides upward mobility in a building and similar structures. It provides access from one floor to another adjacent floor below or...
Design of Slender Column to BS 8110 – Worked Example
A slender column is a column that is vulnerable to buckling which affects its maximum load bearing capacity. Several codes of practice have devised diverse methods to analyse...
Design of Slender Column to Eurocode 2 – Worked Example
A slender column is a column that is vulnerable to buckling which prevents it from harnessing its maximum strength. Several codes of practice have devised diverse methods to...
Design of Biaxial Column to BS 8110 – Worked Example
A biaxial column is that which is subjected to moment about the two orthogonal axes. These types of columns are particularly found as corner columns in building structures....
Design of Column to BS 8110 using Design Chart – Worked Example
Column design charts are created to simplify the design of reinforced concrete columns. These charts are published by British Standard Institution (BSI) and are available in part 3...
Design of Column to Eurocode 2 using Design Chart – worked example
Column design charts are created to simplify the design of reinforced concrete columns. These charts are suitable for columns with symmetrical arrangement of reinforcement and they are produced...
Design of Column to BS 8110 – an overview
Columns are mostly used to transfer load from superstructure to foundation or to transfer members.
Design of Reinforced Concrete Column to Eurocode 2 – an overview
Columns are mostly used to transfer loads from superstructure to foundation or to transfer members.
Design of Reinforced Concrete Flange Beam to Eurocode 2 – Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on the design of reinforced concrete flange beam to EC2.
Design of Flange Beams to Eurocode 2: an Overview
A flange section is that which has a rectangular extension from the main rectangular body. The extension is called a flange while the rectangular body is called web....
Design of Flange Beam to BS 8110: an Overview
A flange section is that which has a rectangular extension from the main rectangular body. The extension is called a flange while the rectangular body is called web....
Design of a Doubly Reinforced Beam to BS 8110 – Worked example
This article presents a worked example on the design of doubly reinforced beam to BS 8110
Design of a Doubly Reinforced Beam to Eurocode 2 – Worked Example
This article presents a worked example on the design of doubly reinforced beam to EC2
Design of a Singly Reinforced Beam to BS 8110 – Worked Example
This article presents a worked example of the design of singly reinforced concrete beam to BS 8110.
Design of a Singly Reinforced Beam to Eurocode 2 – Worked Example
This article presents a worked example of the design of singly reinforced concrete beam to EC2. The image below shows the Plan view of a reinforced concrete structure,...
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beam to Eurocode 2 – an overview
The approach to designing reinforced concrete beam to EC2 is to design for ultimate limit state and check whether serviceability limit state criteria are met. The foremost of...
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beam to BS 8110:1:1997: an Overview
The design approach to designing reinforced concrete beam to BS 8110:1:1997 is to design for ultimate limit state and check whether serviceability limit state criteria are met. The...
Structural Design Philosophies
Amuletola Rasheed Prestressed Concrete Design, Reinforced Concrete Design, Structural Steel DesignPost read time 4 min read Designs are generally carried out under the guide of one philosophy or hybrid of philosophies; structural engineering field is no exception to this premise. In structural engineering over...